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No indel mutations at any of the examined potential OT sites were identified by sequence analysis in the all CRISPR/Cas-mediated founder rats (Supplementary Table 2).
Once the tumors are established in the mice, the researchers can introduce additional mutations at any time, allowing them to study the influence of each mutation on tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis.
This can also reveal the spatial dynamics of mutations at any specific positions.
In turn, based on the instantaneous initiation rate of lineages with two oncogenic mutations, and their lineage expansion, we derive an expression for the number of cells with two oncogenic mutations at any point in time.
Since the authors only screened their patients for mutations at PTPN11 (which, worldwide, explains about 50% of the NS cases), their patients could have carried mutations at any of the other genes commonly held responsible for NS [2].
Genetic saturation artificially reduces sequence divergence because multiple mutations at any given site of a particularly fast-evolving gene cannot be ruled out.
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The instantaneous rate of initiation of lineages with two oncogenic mutations is proportional to the number of cells with one oncogenic mutation at any given time.
The p-value from this test addresses the question "Is there a treatment effect on any other type of mutation at any time point?" We thank each of the participants in the clinical trial and Seattle Primary Infection cohort that contributed specimens to this study.
In contrast, the D− parent plasmid was unable to complement for the mutation at any tested temperature.
Although most people carry at least one de novo mutation somewhere in their exome [ 24], a de novo mutation at any given position is rare.
Since this is the only codon encoding Tryptophan, any mutation at any nucleotide of the codon would change the amino acid.
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