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Genes that accumulate somatic mutations at a higher than stochastic rate are referred to as 'significantly mutated genes' (SMGs) and are considered likely drivers of malignant progression.
By making mice with only one or a few suspect mutations at a time, scientists cut through the chaotic genetic noise.
For example, the genotype phenotype map can be described in terms of the number of traits the mutations at a gene affect (pleiotropy), how many genes affect the same trait (polygeny), distribution of effect sizes, etc.
Most techniques aimed at detecting mutational events within a gene, such as digital droplet PCR or SNV array technologies, detect specific base-pair substitutions or frameshift mutations at a defined genomic locus rather than across the entire gene length.
Many new mouse mutations are being developed through large-scale mutagenesis screens that use chemicals such as N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea to induce point mutations at a high rate.
P-endosymbionts also accrue slightly deleterious mutations at a faster rate than free-living bacteria [6].
Such biases could potentially arise from the positioning within the phylogenetic tree of the mutations at a particular site.
Also, the M mitochondrial genome accumulates mutations at a high rate [25] which may obliterate a primer recognition site.
Having fewer negative pleiotropic consequences of mutations at a locus translates to less evolutionary constraint (or higher net selection coefficients).
Dissecting the dynamics of these escape mutations at a population-level would help to understand how HLA-mediated selection drives the evolution of HIV-1.
These studies provided evidence that the predicted proteins of extensively edited genes accumulate mutations at a higher frequency than their unedited homologues in closely related species.
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