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In the real world, new traits evolve as mutations arise and spread gradually through entire populations.
These new mutations arise during the production of eggs or sperm.
Mutations arise from changes to the DNA of a gene.
New mutations arise that nullify the effect of existing drugs, and the thing takes off again.
As a result, additional mutations arise that subvert a cell's normal constraints to remain in its tissue of origin.
Where and when do these ASD mutations arise?
Mutations arise at random, but clearly this does not mean that evolutionary change is random.
Spontaneous mutations arise as a result of cellular processes that act upon or damage DNA.
That's because in the process, numerous copying errors, or mutations, arise.
When such mutations arise in a population of organisms, they serve as the origin of variation upon which natural selection can act.
Earlier, we showed that resistance mutations arise where PIs protrude beyond the substrate envelope, because these regions are crucial for drug binding but not for substrate recognition.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com