Sentence examples for mutations are fixed from inspiring English sources

The rate at which substitutions occur in a population is found by multiplying the number of mutations produced per generation with the probability that these mutations are fixed.

Although the latter protocol is commonly used for mutagenicity testing in somatic tissues, it has several shortcomings for germ cell testing because it provides limited exposure of the proliferating phase of spermatogenesis when mutations are fixed in the transgene.

The substitution rates should be similar for any mutation in these genes, the difference is in the rate at which these mutations are fixed.

By contrast, under positive selection, rapid replacement of an amino acid is advantageous to the organism; hence, nonsynonymous mutations are fixed at a rate higher than that of neutral synonymous ones [81], [82].

If selection has no effect on fitness, both types of mutations are fixed at the same rate and dN/dS = 1, while in the case of positive selection, non-synonymous substitutions are fixed at a rate exceeding that of synonymous (or silent) substitutions, and the ratio dN/dS is larger than 1.

A central tenet for assessing co-variation is the covarion principle, proposed by Fitch and Markowitz in 1970 [6], which states that 'at any one point in time only a very restricted number of positions can fix mutations but that as mutations are fixed, the positions capable of accepting mutations also change so that examination of a wide-range of species reveals a wide range of altered positions.

Few mutations were fixed in each viral clone following large population passages (average of 2 mutations per genome, range 0 to 10) (Table 1).

Seven mutations were fixed throughout the phage in two independent lines of descent.

This implies that at least six beneficial mutations were fixed during the mutation accumulation experiment, which corresponds to 0.64% of all mutations that were fixed during the experiment.

Whether similar mechanism referring to very rapid evolution and mutations being fixed occurred in planthoppers was also unknown.

In addition, they present vertical transmission and no recombination, which ensures a high rate of slightly deleterious mutations being fixed due to genetic drift [ 34, 35].