Sentence examples for mutations are effectively from inspiring English sources
In this way, mutator mutations are effectively removed from the tumour population as a result of their being outcompeted by the most aggressive clones.
How many of our observed mutations are effectively neutral is highly dependent on the effective population size, which is probably very high in the bulk competition experiment (cf., e.g., Skelly et al. 2009, who estimate Ne ≈ 2.6 × 10).
In contrast, many more mutations are effectively neutral in D. miranda, but the average effect of the mutations incorporated would be larger.
Approximately 25% of mutations are effectively neutral, approximately 25% are mildly deleterious, and 50% are strongly deleterious.
As expected, a nearly constant rate of mutation accumulation is observed only in cases in which the majority of mutations are effectively neutral.
Genes with the lowest estimates of Fop may have low equilibrium optimal levels of codon bias, and therefore additional preferred mutations are effectively neutral.
Nevertheless, the optimum mutation rate remained constant in this case, indicating that deleterious mutations were effectively eliminated by relentless selection and that their effects had little influence on the optimum mutation rate in long-term evolution.
In a species with a larger effective population size, a smaller fraction of mutations is effectively neutral, and one might expect such a species to be better adapted since more advantageous mutations will fix [ 18].
In Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica, Charlesworth and Eyre-Walker (2006) estimated that at only approximately 3% of nonsynonymous mutations were effectively neutral (also reviewed in Eyre-Walker and Keightley 2007).
However, if the sites being considered are subject to selection then the proportion of mutations that are effectively neutral will depend directly on the effective population size.
As the population size increases so the level of neutral diversity increases, but at the same time the proportion of mutations that are effectively neutral decreases.
