Sentence examples for mutations are constant from inspiring English sources

We assumed that the fitness effects of mutations are constant, implying that resistance-breaking mutants revert to their initial frequencies after removal of the R gene.

The expectation of less adaptation in smaller populations relies on the assumption that the mutation rate and the strength of selection for beneficial mutations are constant among species investigated.

This approach assumes the Wright-Fisher model, where locations have a constant effective size through time, the rate of mutation is constant, and locations exchange migrants with constant rates per generation, but those rates can vary among locations.

On the other hand, Hallatschek and Nelson have shown that as population density is (almost by definition) low at the wavefront, if mutation rates are constant over space then the modal point of origin of surfing mutations will be slightly behind the front (Hallatschek and Nelson 2008).

For model simplicity, we assumed that somatic mutation rates are constant through life, regardless of the species and its longevity.

So far we have grouped the five cell divisions in the spermatogenesis as one interval and thus assumed that mutation rates are constant within the interval.

The underlying biological mechanisms that might cause an acceleration of substitution rates in annuals are still unclear [ 18, 35], although life history features that influence the number of rounds of DNA replication per unit of calendar time are capable of altering the relative substitution rate when mutation rates are constant.

So far compositional evolution has been studied under the assumption that per base pair rate of GC→AT (u) and AT→GC (v) mutations are temporally constant (the constant model).

As for the AGA, we do not consider the computational cost of crossover and mutation because they are constant for each genetic step.

If the rate of beneficial mutations and their selective effects are constant across species, larger populations are expected to show higher rates of adaptation, both because they generate more mutations and selection is effective on a greater proportion of mutations [ 18, 46].

Assumption 2. The mutation rates u and v are constant in time as well.