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The vast variability in disease-inducing mutations and resulting phenotypes has hampered the development of therapeutic interventions.
The viral oncoproteins affect the repair system, allowing an accumulation of stochastic mutations and resulting in increased genomic instability [ 17].
Coalescent simulations were performed for three possible mutation models (infinite alleles model, stepwise mutation model, and the two-phase model, which allows multiple-step mutations), and resulting distributions were used to calculate average expected heterozygosity.
Low levels of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate would result in increasing the amounts of uracil incorporated in DNA to replace thymine, thereby increasing the ratio of point mutations and resulting in DNA breakage [ 6].
For example, some DSB repair defects result in frequent gross chromosomal aberrations (leading to developmental retardation or even embryonic death), while others only induce a minor shift towards efficient but error-prone repair modes (ultimately driving the accumulation of mutations and resulting in associated diseases such as cancer; Fig. 2).
Stanley Plotkin's thoughtful overview of the 11 disease-specific chapters annotates new vaccine technologies as well as current issues of debate, such as replacing the live oral polio vaccine worldwide with injectable, inactivated polio vaccine once the eradication program breaks the chain of wild-virus circulation, to avoid reverse mutations and resulting vaccine-associated paralysis.
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This allows a more causal relationship between mutation and resulting changes in system dynamics.
The mechanisms of mutation and resulting differences in population structure are not, however, as applicable to our results for the HA and NA RNA subtypes.
In the case presented here, the structure of the deep intronic 44i mutation and resulting PE44.1 aberrant splicing presents a unique and valuable opportunity to apply exon-skipping therapeutics to bypass DYSF pathogenic mutations.
In vitro pathogenic evaluation showed that the ATP6V1B2 p.Arg506X is a haploinsufficient mutation and resulted in abnormal acidification in lysosomes.
In our study, IHC results were comparable to the gold standard molecular testing for identification of BRAF V600E mutation and resulted in high sensitivity and specificity.
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