Sentence examples for mutations and horizontal from inspiring English sources

These ribozymes could have formed an RNA world in which there were individuals but no species, as mutations and horizontal gene transfers would have meant that the offspring in each generation were quite likely to have different genomes from those that their parents started with.

This process occurs via mutations and horizontal gene transfer.

Bacteria undergo constant mutations and horizontal gene transfer that help them compete in particular ecological niches.

While antibiotic resistance can arise genetically from mutations and horizontal gene transfer, bacteria in an isogenic population are known to display varying susceptibility to antibiotics.

The fact that microbial genomic diversity is caused by both vertical mutations and horizontal transfer makes it also plausible to expect heterogenous detection probabilities.

Gene reshuffling, point mutations and horizontal gene transfer contribute to bacterial genome variation, but require the genome to rewire its transcriptional circuitry to ensure that inserted, mutated or reshuffled genes are transcribed at appropriate levels.

This genetic variation reflects the action of mutation and horizontal gene transfer (Feil et al. 2003; Vos and Didelot 2009; Didelot and Maiden 2010).

That is, whereas MLST is an approximation of the mutation rate of the genomic backbone based on sequence analysis of a relatively small number of housekeeping genes, analysis of whole genome differences is a measure of both the rate of mutation and horizontal gene transfer that exists among this species.

Additionally, these strains appear to have evolved rapidly through point mutation, recombination and horizontal gene transfer.

Phylogenetic and eBURST analyses and estimates of divergence time indicated QRNG were introduced on 3 separate occasions and underwent limited diversification by mutation, deletion and horizontal gene transfer.

All this suggests that many of these regulatory features of the transcriptomes of Epsilonproteobacteria will have developed after genera have evolutionary split from a common ancestor, and are likely to be in constant flux depending on their ecological niches and its influence on genome reorganisation, mutation frequency and horizontal gene transfer.