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Although most genetic disease results from preexisting mutations, a portion is due to the occurrence of new mutations.
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Recently, there has been a surge in interest in the cancerization field theory of carcinogenesis, which states that as a result of exposure to carcinogens and/or of inherited genetic variants (mutations), a substantial portion of an organ (called the field) can be enriched in genetic variants of cells, which then may or may not acquire further genomic modifications.
While other genes, such as PS1 and tau have been manipulated alone or in combination with APP mutations, a large portion of the current literature describing the AD-like neurodegenerative phenotypes in animal models has been based on animal models expressing high levels of mutant APP.
The mutation encompasses a portion of the highly conserved B9 domain found in two other basal body proteins (Town et al., 2008; Williams et al., 2008).
In that work, the affinity of variant tRNAVal2Bs for EF-Tu was altered by mutation of a portion of the aa-tRNA stem that binds directly to EF-Tu.
Analyses of combined data from this and the two previous studies revealed that the degree of growth retardation, developmental delay and limb defects showed significant differences between patients with and without mutations and between patients with missense and truncating mutations, whereas only a portion of these features differed significantly in any individual study [ 18].
As the resultant in-frame insertion-deletion mutations change only a portion of the protein sequence corresponding to the frame-shift, we named this strategy as Regional Frame-Shift Mutagenesis (RFM), and the mutants as RFM mutants.
Therefore, care must be taken in extrapolating that a mutation that explains a portion of the clinical phenotype is causal for the entire complex phenotype.
Currently, the sequenced mutation data can interpret only a portion of the mutations.
At present, however, those mutations account for only a portion of familial cases, and consequently there is an intensive search for additional targets.
Compensatory mutations can be more frequent under high mutation rates and may alleviate a portion of the fitness lost due to the accumulation of deleterious mutations through epistatic interactions with deleterious mutations.
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