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For each of these three mutations, a known mutation carrier was used as a positive control in each experiment.
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A wild-type control DNA sample (without K-Ras and B-Raf mutations) and a known mutation sample were also included in the experiment.
A normal control DNA sample (without the K-Ras codon 12 mutation) and a known mutation sample were included in all experiments.
One patient (Case 39), presenting with a pure cerebellar atrophy, was found to have a neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis caused by mutations in a known gene using Sanger sequencing.
One fundamental approach to this process is the introduction of random mutations into a known nucleotide sequence to produce a library of variants.
The chances of their being a mutation in a known high-risk gene such as BRCA1 or BRCA2.
Samples were excluded if they had previously been shown to have likely causative mutation in a known PD gene.
Finally, when a novel mutation in a known gene is found, functional studies and investigations of other neonatal diabetes genes can play an important role.
Nevertheless, a significant fraction of patients with features of inherited phaeochromocytoma or RCC do not have a detectable mutation in a known susceptibility gene.
This was exploited to generate human FFA2-RASSL by the addition of a second mutation at a known orthosteric ligand interaction site, H6.55Q.
Moreover, there are biological models of epistasis where genes only have epistatic effects [ 7], such as a two-locus mutation masking a known phenotype.
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