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For example, with respect to one aspect of modularity, namely restricted pleiotropy, it has been argued that reducing the number of traits affected by a gene will also reduce the mutational target for traits, that is, the number of genes available to affect each trait will decrease (given a constant gene number).
Among other effects, longer regulatory regions would provide a larger mutational target for regulatory versus coding regions.
In Drosophila, genes from this ontological category are among the largest in gene number and gene size, providing a large mutational target for rapid behavioral change (Additional file 9: Figure S5).
Finally, we suggest that this neurogenetic class, residing on a disproportionately large fraction of the genome relative to other functional classes, provides a large mutational target for genetic variation to accumulate and selection to act upon.
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These organisms typically also have larger genomes, potentially offering more mutational targets for adaptation, although the population mutation rate (Neμ) often is smaller in absolute magnitude because of the population sizes used.
This asymmetry might be understood by considering the mutational targets for obtaining increased and decreased expression.
Progression to a particular cancer subtype may require a smaller subset of all possible mutational targets for a general type of cancer (Fig 4).
Similarly, the accumulation of human-specific and human-concentrated phenotypes along our lineage (e.g. Harris and Meyer 2006; Crespi 2010a) generates novel mutational targets for human-specific and human-concentrated disease.
Genes that have roles in a multitude of cellular processes or act as "hubs" are often optimal mutational targets for tumors as their disruption or deregulation may affect various aspects of cell growth and survival.
The high prevalence of TP53 mutations in hereditary [20] and sporadic [38] ovarian carcinomas suggests that this gene is a frequent mutational target of the selective pressure for aneuploid cells to overcome this checkpoint.
The mutational target of SCLs is the original stop codon.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com