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These variants are predicted to inactivate the kinase, as mutational studies in PKA and other kinases have shown that mutation of p.K72 to an arginine abrogates kinase catalytic activity [Iyer et al., 2005; Strutz-Seebohm et al., 2005; Zhong et al., 2011].
Data from previous mutational studies in Cav1 α1-subunits (33,34) strongly suggested interference of both mutations with Cav1.3 LTCC function.
Mutational studies in patients with Wolfram syndrome reported a wide spectrum of mutations distributed throughout the coding sequence of the WFS1 gene.
In an effort to identify potential molecular targets, limited mutational studies in primary or recurrent LGSC samples have revealed an overall low mutation frequency, with exome sequencing by Jones et al. showing an average of 10 validated somatic mutations (or 7.5 somatic non-synonymous or splice site mutations) per tumor [ 10].
Here we report the structure of MtUPRT along with its spontaneous mutational studies in the presence of 5-FU.
Mutational studies in E. coli and other organisms have shown that strains lacking Hfq exhibit pleiotropic effects such as decreased growth rates, increased stress sensitivity (UV, oxidative and cold shock), ineffective tRNA maturation and mini-cell formation [12], [13], [14].
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Of these, our mutational study in the longest helix suggested its structural roles by indispensable ionic interaction of Glu308-Arg311-Arg435 and Glu288-Arg311.
Mutational studies, both in vitro with the purified protein [ 2, 3], and in vivo in yeast [ 1, 8] and plants [ 2, 8– 10], implicate specific tryptophans at the dimer interface as being crucial for photoreception.
Although none of these sites has yet been characterized by mutational studies, one site in the very same region in human PTP1B, arginine (24) (R position 37 in our alignment, see Figure 7), was shown to be engaged in the second phosphotyrosine binding site of this protein [ 42- 44].
Mutational studies of Glu92 in spinach ferredoxin, which is analogous to Glu94 in Anabaena, resulted in decreased activity, but much less significant than that of the former.
The first linkage and mutational studies suggested that mutations in these two genes would account for the majority of high-risk breast cancer families, but recent studies show how the proportion of families due to BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations strongly depends on the population and the types of family analyzed.
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