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However, the patients with the Val162Met mutation did not share a common haplotype, suggesting independently arising mutations in the same residue, possibly pointing towards a mutational hotspot for RAB7.
The residue Arg84 is a clear mutational hotspot for PPS.
The DNA sequence of the 12-mer and the first 12-nucleotides of the 26-mer template was the same, and this sequence was taken from codon 272 275 of the p53 gene, in which the lesion was incorporated at the second nucleotide of codon 273, a well-known mutational hotspot for human cancer.
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First is the absence of any other repetitive DNA at the breakpoints, despite the expectation that IRs at inversion breakpoints should be mutational hotspots for subsequent structural and nucleotide variation [42].
These codons are recognized as mutational hotspots for RAS genes (Prior et al., 2012, Smith et al., 2010).
Alu elements are normally located within introns and 3′ untranslated regions of genes, which are considered mutational "hotspots" for large gene rearrangements [ 29].
However, the presence of Tn10 in the minicircle DNA producer strain is undesirable since some human therapeutic genes contain potential mutational hotspots for this element (5'-GCTNAGC-3' [ 13]).
The chromosomal distribution of young gene duplicates can elucidate whether there exist certain mutational hotspots for their origin with respect to specific chromosomes as well as locations along the gradient of a chromosome.
It is also observed, however, that in the mutational hotspot of the CpG dinucleotide, there is an increased error rate for ancestral misidentification.
The freshly frozen samples containing the E17K substitution in AKT1 were also analysed for PTEN mutations and for mutations in the mutational hotspots of exons 9 and 20 of PIK3CA (see Supplementary Table 1 for primer sequences of PIK3CA and PTEN).
In the present study, we selected exon 9 (for the regulatory helical domain) and exon 20 (for the kinase domain) of PIK3CA gene, two mutational hotspot regions, for mutation analysis as previous large-sclae analysis of PIK3CA mutations in various human cancers revealed that > 80% of the mutations clustered within these domains [ 10, 13, 21, 22].
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