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Several mutational processes are already known to leave characteristic mutational signatures in the mutational catalogs of cancer cells.
I curated the majority of publicly available data and compiled a data set encompassing ~5 million somatic mutations from the mutational catalogs of 7042 primary cancers of 30 different classes.
We recently described five mutational signatures derived from the 96 possible mutated trinucleotides within the mutational catalogs of 21 whole breast cancer genomes, named Signatures A E (Nik-Zainal et al., 2012a).
Simulating the mutational catalogs of 50 cancer genomes with different average numbers of mutations indicates that two or three signatures can be effectively extracted from catalogs with very few mutations, whereas extracting seven or more signatures requires an average of at least 1,000 mutations per catalog.
Mathematically, a set of mutational catalogs of cancer genomes could be examined as a linear mixture of unknown numbers of mutational signatures.
Signatures of mutational processes with different exposures were randomly generated and used to simulate mutational catalogs of cancer genomes.
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The mutational catalog of a cancer genome, defined over an alphabet of mutation types Ξ, can be mathematically expressed as, m g, a mapping from a genome g and finite alphabet of mutation types Ξ to a specific nonnegative K-tuple.
The mutational catalog of a cancer genome g defined over the alphabet of mutation types Ξ is represented by m g : Ξ → N 0 K.
We used the function "fit_to_signatures" to assess how well the mutational catalog of our SCCs can be expressed as a combination of the previously identified cancer signatures (http://cancer.sanger.ac.uk/cosmic/signatures).sanger.ac.uk/cosmic/signatures
NMF can estimate the contribution of each mutational signature to the mutational catalog of each breast cancer.
In our model, the mutational catalog of a cancer genome is examined as a linear superposition of the signatures of the mutational processes operative in this genome and their respective exposures.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com