Sentence examples for mutation to fix from inspiring English sources

To validate the predictions of our model, we compare theoretical and experimentally determined estimates of the selective advantage of the first beneficial mutation to fix in a series of ten replicate populations.

On average, we expect 2 N e generations for a new mutation to fix in a haploid population, and we expect Ne generations for two randomly chosen individuals to find a common ancestor, a process known as coalescence [ 16].

For a beneficial mutation to fix in a population it is necessary that it survives genetic drift and that under the influence of selection displaces the rest of genomes.

Likewise, when selection coefficients are very different, the transition time (i.e., time it takes a beneficial mutation to fix once it has occurred) may be so short that the large effect mutation reaches fixation before competitors arise.

During this establishment time, the clone spreads diffusively over a length scale The establishment time test can be estimated by test ≈ log(Kξ s0)/ s0, which is the time it takes for a beneficial mutation to fix in a well-mixed population of size Kξ.

However, if we ignore the direction of epistasis by using the absolute of the difference between predicted and observed fitness, we find that the fitness costs of the second mutation to fix is significantly nonrandom (one-sample t-test: t = 3.32, df = 12, P < 0.01).

Instead, mutations in NP's CTL epitopes are often deleterious and require secondary permissive or compensatory mutations to fix without a fitness cost (Rimmelzwaan et al., 2004; Berkhoff et al., 2005, 2006; Gong et al., 2013).

This bottleneck caused drift to overwhelm the 5 generations of positive selection occurring during plaque formation, allowing non-lethal mutations to fix in the evolving lineage [ 29, 30, 35].

For a low supply rate of beneficial mutations, we expect beneficial mutations to fix primarily in successive sweeps with rare occurrences of clonal interference, whereas clonal interference will occur with high probability when the supply rate of beneficial mutations is high.

The observed value probably minimizes adaptation time, which has to combine two opposing trends: one tries to increase the mutation rate in order to generate diversity and the other pushes to decrease the mutation rate to fix readily and maintain fitter variants in the population.

The estimated genomic mutation rate in phage ϕ6 is gauged to be 0.067 deleterious mutations per generation [ 43], causing one mutation on average to fix in a lineage after 20 bottlenecks (i.e., 0.067 × 20 bottleneck events ≈ 1.3), where the majority of spontaneous mutations are assumed to be deleterious.