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In contrast to the Arctic mutation, the Swedish and London mutations flank the A β domain.
Only one mutation (the Swedish mutation) increases Aβ generation by increasing β-secretase processing of APP.
Using neuronal PC12 cells, we found that expression of one known APP gene mutation, the 'Swedish APP (APPSw)' double mutation (KM670/671NL), leads to an enhanced vulnerability of these cells to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, mediated by different caspases and the stress-activated protein kinase pathway [ 34- 36].
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Some of them, e.g., the tg mouse models Tg2576 or APP23 overexpress the human APP (hAPP) in combination with distinct mutations like the 'Swedish' mutation (APPK670N, M671L [ 9, 10]) or in case of the PDAPP mouse model the 'London' mutation (APPV717F [ 11]).
The triply transgenic tau model expressing 3R tau (without mutation), APP with the Swedish and the London mutation and PS1 with the M146L mutation, did not develop true NFTs; however, the human tau transgene and hyperphosphorylated tau epitopes were found in the neuritic component of the plaque [ 32].
The transgene is a minigene containing APP with the Arctic mutation and also the Swedish and Indiana mutations, under the control of the PDGF promoter [ 54].
We used 5XFAD transgenic mice (Tg6799 line) that co-express and co-inherit FAD mutant forms of human APP (the Swedish mutation: K670N, M671L; the Florida mutation: I716V; the London mutation: V717I) and PS1 (M146L; L286V) transgenes under transcriptional control of the neuron-specific mouse Thy-1 promoter [8], [28].
These mice co-express and co-inherit FAD mutant forms of human APP (the Swedish mutation: K670N, M671L; the Florida mutation: I716V, and London mutation: V717I) and PS1 (M146L; L286V) transgenes under transcriptional control of the neuron-specific mouse Thy1 promoter.
To investigate, researchers led by Katsuhiko Tabuchi and Thomas Südhof at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas created a strain of mice with the same mutation found in the Swedish brothers.
One point mutation in APP, referred to as the Swedish mutation, results in an early onset familial AD [ 6].
A YAC containing the hAPP gene encoding APP harboring the Swedish mutation, the London mutation or a combination of the two increased the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio and decreased the concentration of α-secretase derivatives [ 184].
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