Sentence examples for mutation rate whereas from inspiring English sources

In the short-term, highly optimized populations containing little variability respond better to environmental changes upon an increase of the mutation rate, whereas populations with a lower degree of optimization but higher variability benefit from reducing the mutation rate to adapt rapidly.

The models developed for herbicides, antibiotics and antiviral drugs frequently included mutation rate, whereas models developed for fungicides, insecticidal proteins and insecticides seldom introduced this parameter.

Indeed, those methods employ information on the mutation rate, whereas the indel mutation rate is known only approximately and is strongly dependent on the indel length.

About 50% of the models dealing with resistance to herbicides, antibiotics and antiviral drugs included Mutation rate, whereas this parameter was rarely considered in models dealing with fungicide resistance.

Animal mt genomes are generally compact and small (around 16 kb) and exhibit a high mutation rate, whereas plant mt genomes exhibit a low mutation rate, little compactness, subsequent larger sizes (from 200 to 900 kb, for whole sequenced genomes; Alverson et al. 2010), and highly rearranged structures (Palmer and Herbon 1988; see review in Kubo and Newton 2008).

For the case of no recombination (r = 0), the result from the preceding section, s ∼ d ≃ Δ U h, is recovered (where U h is now the haploid genome-wide deleterious mutation rate), whereas with free recombination (r = 0.5), s ∼ d ≃ 2 s − Δ U h / (1 + s − ), which is closely approximated by 2 s − Δ U h when s − ≪ 1 (the usual situation; Lynch and Walsh 1998).

Deficiencies in polymerase proofreading activity, for example, might cause an increase in mutation rates, whereas incorrect non-homologous end joining might result in deletions or other polymorphisms.

Animal mt genomes are generally small, compact, and exhibit high mutation rates, whereas plant mt genomes exhibit low mutation rates, little compactness, larger sizes, and highly rearranged structures.

Lynch et al. [ 21] suggested that the effect of selection against edited sites is only relevant under higher mutation rates, whereas genomes with lower rates would be prone to high frequency of editing, reducing the associated mutation load [ 16].

In the absence of other types of mutations, sequencing would observe a mutation rate UL, whereas the survival rate would be observed to decline at 2 UL, an apparent impossibility under the standard Poisson model.

Our model incorporates clonal expansions and deleterious mutations and allows the mutation rate to evolve, whereas previous models have considered only some of these issues.