Sentence examples for mutation rate well from inspiring English sources

Adaptation time of molecular quasispecies to a given environment is optimized at values of the mutation rate well below the phenotypic error threshold.

A mutant lacking thiol peroxidases had the mutation rate well above that of wild-type cells, but this did not correspond to the aging pattern, as old wild-type cells with few or no mutations were dying, whereas young mutant cells with many more mutations continued dividing.

Mutational hotspots with positional mutation rates well above the rate averaged over the entire molecule are readily identified by aggregating the macro-haplogroup trees and counting the recurrent changes at each site; see [ 21] and Table 4 of [ 22].

In the current study, IHC analysis was used to select only pure SQCLC to help elucidate whether the EGFR gene is mutated in SQCLC and, if so, to determine the mutation rate, as well as the clinical and pathological features in high risk groups.

Activation of an SOS-response inevitably leads to elevation of a mutation rate as well [ 13], which is unwanted for a cell in normal conditions.

These studies have greatly improved our understanding of mitochondrial gene content, genome size and organization, mutation rate as well as gene shuffling events.

This method, which was motivated by typical experimental setups easily applied to experimental evolution, is theoretically expected to estimate the mutation rate reasonably well and allows distributions of arising beneficial mutations with different shapes to be distinguished.

Our simulation is based on a number of parameters governing the generation of the initial networks, the choice of modules for fitness calculation, the size of each network and the size of the populations, the relative rates of different mutation mechanisms and the overall mutation rate as well as the number of generations allowed for initial adaptation.

Since cigarette smoking is a known mutagen that results in an increased mutation rate as well as characteristic mutation signatures (Pleasance et al., 2009), it is plausible that the driver genes may differ between smokers and non-smokers because they are subject to different mutational processes.

Relative to other genes, ycf1 and ycf2 exhibit both an elevated dN and dS, though the increase in dN was greater than dS (2.5× and 1.5× higher respectively), suggesting that the underlying mutation rate, as well as potentially the selective regime, has been altered in the these genes.

Figure 3 shows the performance of our estimator when applied to simulated sweeps (see Materials and Methods) for different selection coefficients and mutation rates as well as its dependence on the choice of ic.