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Therefore, a high mutation rate provides the likely explanation for the prevalence of m.3243A→G in disease cohorts.
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For example, stronger selection on males is expected to improve the mean fitness of females for a given mutation rate, provided mutations have the same directional effect on fitness in each sex [ 15].
These statistics allow a reasonable estimation of the distribution of arising mutations and of the mutation rate, provided that we accept that such a distribution may be well approximated by a Gamma.
This problem can be sharpened by discussions of introns and of sex, because both are phenomena that, like TEs, and like an evolutionarily productive mutation rate, provide evolvability and thus need an explanation [ 16].
Hence germ line mutation rates provide evolutionary estimates for haplogroups biased toward much younger age [26].
The use of the pedigree mutation rates provided estimates between 600 and 2,300 years ago for haplogroups C3* and C3c, with expansion times 200 years later.
This load can be generated at a wide range of absolute mutation rates, provided the diploid retains a substantially sub-optimal mutation rate.
When severe stress is encountered, one route to evolutionary rescue is the high mutation supply rate provided by a large population.
The phylogenies of both the host D. ananassae mtDNA genome as well as wAna were examined because, like the W. pipientis genome, mtDNA is also maternally inherited yet has a higher mutation rate which provides more phylogenetically informative mutations for analysis (Richardson et al. 2012; Early and Clark 2013; this study).
This would accelerate growth by providing more copies of a partially active operon and increase mutation rate by providing more targets for mutagenesis.
We also explored the concept of a mutation rate, which provided the opportunity to discuss central tendencies and dispersion about a mean.
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