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Compared to valine, this mutation provided higher resistance to some insecticides: for example, the alanine mutant exhibited 10- and 7-fold less sensitivity than the valine mutant to diazinon-oxon and monocrotophos respectively (data not shown).
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Although multigene expression assays (either arrays or RNA-seq) are useful, mutational analysis may provide higher gain as a mutation can imply causality [ 12].
Although numerous potential mutations may provide high level of resistance, only few alleles are found in insect natural populations.
In addition, an SVM gene expression signature-based approach provides higher accuracy in predicting the presence/absence of mutations.
The beneficial mutations identified span multiple pathways, and we identified pairs of mutations that individually provide only minor decreases in antibiotic susceptibility but that combine to provide higher tolerance.
For each insecticide, the allele which provides higher resistance corresponds to a combination of three or four point mutations (Table 5).
To provide high-confident mutations, non-synonymous mutations identified in the WGS and WES sets were selected for TCS.
Thus, this JL5 mutation provides for endosomal cleavage to release the high affinity peptide generated by the I279T mutation.
Single mutations provide low level and specific insecticide resistance and combination of three or four mutations in the same protein provides high level and wide spectrum of resistance [ 6].
It was possible that high consumption of antibiotic usage could provide high pressure condition inducing mutation in bacteria.
In summary, our study provides high-resolution fitness values along an important HIV drug-resistance mutation pathway and quantifies the impact of epistasis on mutant frequencies.
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