Sentence examples for mutation or transfer from inspiring English sources

Transmission was likely for 3 steers that had isolates within a prevalent REPC at the second sampling and isolates from 3 different REPC specific to super-shedders in sampling 1. Mutation or transfer of E. coli O157 H7 from other sources was likely for 5 steers where isolates in the second sampling were from REPC that were specific to sampling 2 and a single pen within a feedlot.

In contrast, bacteria may acquire resistance to an antibiotic by taking on a new characteristic through gene mutation or the transfer of genetic material between bacteria.

Antimicrobial resistance still remains the leading concern in global public health and food safety, as bacteria are capable of obtaining resistance gene through either genetic mutation or horizontal transfer of resistance genes.

This mixed infection could result from either 1) reinfection with 1 or more strains; 2) initial infection with a heterogeneous bacterial population, some with and some without the resistance trait, rather than a homogeneously sensitive population; or 3) de novo within-host resistance acquisition via either mutation or plasmid transfer.

Intrinsic mechanisms of antibiotic resistance (i.e. those not acquired by mutation or lateral genetic transfer) in S. aureus, might facilitate the acquisition of clinical resistance by allowing for protracted survival in the presence of subinhibitory drug concentrations [ 4, 5].

It was not destroyed by either mutation or lateral gene transfer as strong purifying selection can prevent either destroying well-adapted phenotypes; extreme organismal stasis over billenia is a fundamental aspect of life [ 129].

However, multi-antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens, resulting from either single mutations (or horizontally transferred genes) conferring cross-resistance to several antibiotics or accumulation of multiple mutations conferring resistance to single antibiotics, has frequently been observed (McCormick et al. 2003; Wright et al. 2006).

The increased resistance may be related to changes in the bacterial genome by mutation or acquisition by horizontal transfer of an extrachromosomal or chromosomal material [ 14– 16].

MDR in V. cholerae can be attributed to either a spontaneous mutation or to the horizontal transfer of resistance genes between members of gut coliform or other co-existing microflora and Vibrio spp [ 42].

Nevertheless, even transient introgression may facilitate an increase in genetic diversity or transfer of adaptive mutations that have important consequences in the evolution of tropical biodiversity.

Among the 473 hospital discharges to transfer or mutation (289 transfers / 184 mutations), 419 hospital admissions (88%%) from home patient were collected.