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For example, patients with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer due to BRCA1 mutations are born with a mutation in one BRCA1 allele, but only develop cancer after mutation or allelic loss of the other BRCA1 allele.
Women with hereditary mammary gland and ovarian cancer due to BRCA1 mutations are born with a mutation in one BRCA1 allele, but only develop cancer after mutation or allelic loss of the other BRCA1 allele.
That is, both alleles of a TSG must be interrupted by mutation or allelic loss in order to render it inactive.
In the sporadic epilepsy case, the gene mutation or allelic predisposition is only one of many factors at multiple scales which produce the acquired disorder.
As the normal tissue sample from this patient was not available we could not directly determine whether this deletion represent somatic mutation or allelic polymorphism.
According to Knudson's "two hit hypothesis", both copies of a tumor suppressor gene should be deleted by a mutation or allelic loss to reduce protein dosage [ 41].
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We found no mutations or allelic losses in either the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene.
Several mutations or allelic variants, that can influence brain development and behaviour, have been found in autism.
Allelic loss of 18q and SMAD4 mutation also correlates with SMAD4 expression, but SMAD4 expression can also be reduced without the presence of mutations or allelic imbalance (Alazzouzi et al, 2005).
Downregulation of the KAI1 gene is observed during the progression of human prostatic cancer, but mutations or allelic loss do not appear to be the major means for alteration [ 56].
In mammals, Beclin-1, the homolog of the autophagy-related gene Atg6/vacuolar protein sorting (Vps3), is closely correlated with tumorigenesis; mutations or allelic loss of Beclin-1 are frequently found in breast, ovarian and prostate cancers [20].
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