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These studies related to the abnormal vein patterning caused by mutation of particular genes provide some clue as to how Kranz anatomy is regulated and suggest involvement of multiple pathways in development of the Kranz pattern.
Relatively few studies to date have mapped ubiquitination sites, and in almost all cases the identification of the acceptor lysines were based on indirect evidence (Petroski and Deshaies, 2003; Scherer et al., 1995); that is, mutation of particular lysines to arginines blocked ubiquitination.
Mutation of particular components of the general transcription machinery including BUR1 and BUR2, can lead to defects in the expression of INO1, the gene encoding inositol-1-phosphate synthase that converts glucose-6-phosphate into inositol.
One mutation of particular importance for clinical investigations is the multi-resistant substitution T315I, resulting in an amino acid change within the p-loop binding site.
B cells from the parotid gland have been identified as a distinct population showing accumulation, expansion and somatic mutation of particular VL chain rearrangements, such as VκA27 Jκ5, VκA19 Jκ2 and Vλ1C Jλ2/3 in comparison with peripheral B cells [ 80].
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Perhaps most importantly, the issue of mutability impacts human cancers, where recurring mutations of particular CIN genes are probably due both to selection and preferential mutability of certain targets.
AAV transduction efficiency could be dramatically increased by mutations of particular capsid residues, which allowed the vectors to evade the intracellular phosphorylation and subsequent ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation [ 26– 28].
The splicing outcome of the IVS4-2A>G mutatisn is of particular interest in relation to our results.
This mutation was of particular interest because this position 109 has previously been shown to be critical for PERV-A infection and binding [42], [43].
The presence of the E-312 coding mutation was of particular interest.
Environmental stress (e.g. starvation, osmotic or temperature stress) could directly affect mutation rates of particular traits by inducing stress-directed mutagenesis (Wright 2004; Heidenreich 2007).
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