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Mutation of nuclear localization site 2 (NLS2) within the homeodomain leads to loss of DNA binding and deregulated gene expression, and NLS2 mutants can no longer adjust the transcriptional response to changing lipid levels.
There is clear evidence that the mutation of nuclear lamin A causes degenerative disease in man, and loss of muscle integrity in worms [ 4].
Thus, the high incidence of mtDNA mutation in the colorectal mucosa of UC patients indicates that mutation of nuclear DNA is also enhanced in the colorectal epithelial cells of UC patients during long-lasting inflammation.
A single de novo point mutation of nuclear protein lamin A gene at position 1824 (C to T) in exon 11, was found to be predominantly responsible for this syndrome.
Thus, the unusually high incidence of mtDNA mutations found in colorectal mucosal cells from patients with UC seems to reflect the increased mutation of nuclear DNA, a prerequisite for neoplastic transformation of cells.
In addition, there might be random mutation of nuclear genes in generating the mtDNA-deficient cells treated with ethidium bromide for long period (King and Attardi, 1996; Mansfield et al, 2005).
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Mutations of nuclear lamina protein A led to the dislocation of specific histone modification enzyme MOF and SUV39H1 in HGPS and Zmpste24 knockout mice, resulting in epigenetic alterations, chromatin abnormalities and finally impaired DNA repair (Liu et al., 2005; Liu et al., 2012a; Liu et al., 2013).
Mutation rates of nuclear genes for the studied samples were unknown.
The mutation rate of nuclear genomes is higher than that of plastomes in plants (Wolfe et al. 1987).
Mutation of the nuclear localization sequence similarly reduced the nuclear accumulation of constitutively active Pak1.
Cdc14 can probably reach most of its substrates relevant to cell cycle progression within the nucleus as suggested by largely unaltered cell cycle progression, if Cdc14 nuclear export is prevented by mutation of its nuclear export sequence [ 18].
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