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This comparison highlighted the importance of using a multi-gene detection system to be able to detect every target strain, even those with deletion or mutation of important genes.
Organisms probably know the importance of each amino acid and how to regulate gene expressions with codon bias, and evolved this codon system to regulate translation efficiently and reduce the harm of mutation of important amino acids.
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However, the exact mechanism by which mitochondrial dysfunction, such as that induced by mutation of genes important for mitochondrial function, can reduce survival after radiation exposure remains unclear.
We did not evaluate the mutation of other important drug resistant gene, such as rpoB, inhA, and katG, in these isolates.
Even if the frame-shifts in the human GLY1 gene were not present then the translated human TA protein would not function due to the mutation of four important residues.
The linkage disequilibrium (LD) is important in livestock genetics for its key role in genomic selection [ 1] and detecting the causal mutations of economically important traits [ 2- 6].
Overall, the experimental findings agree with those of the theoretical analysis reported above, and mutations of theoretically important DUES positions also result in less DNA uptake (Figure 4).
Only apparently full-length transposases were retained to avoid inclusion of partially deleted and thus inactivated transposases which can accumulate mutations of functionally important residues.
Similar to the Figure 5 figure supplement 1, mutations of two important residues (F16 and Y30) at the intra-strand interface were tested in a similar fashion.
Mutations of biologically important traits have a greater chance of appearing and of being selected due to a large population size and higher longevity in domestic animals, providing us an exceptional opportunity to identify novel functions for specific genes.
By this means, germ-line mutations of functionally important genes, which otherwise would have a high probability of spreading in the population (Lichtenstein 2005b, Lichtenstein 2008), are generally eliminated from the gene pool (Ponder 2001).
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