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There is no useful mutation model, but the TOE is built up on useful effects of mutations".
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Although not directly comparable with a truncating mutation it is interesting that mouse models that have undergone conditional gene depletion of TARDBP in the spinal cord neurons do not show TDP-43 positive inclusions (unlike missense mutation models) but do show an unusual pattern of polyubiquitinated proteins in the neurons but not in the form of the usual inclusions [ 31– 31].
Analyses using the stepwise mutation model were also carried out, but they provided similar results, so only those with the infinite allele mutation model are presented.
For simplicity we use the Jukes Cantor model where all mutations are equally likely, but any mutation model could be used (Whelan et al. 2001).
The genetic mutation model could explain early onset Alzheimer's, but this form of the disease accounts for only about 5percentt of cases.
R ST is analogous to F ST but incorporates a stepwise mutation model of evolution that was specifically designed for microsatellite data [ 35].
R ST [ 35] and δμ 2 [ 36] are similar to D 2, but both assume a stepwise mutation model (SMM).
The mutation model is an HKY85 model with mutational bias πA+T = 0.8 and a transition/transversion ratio of 4.0.
Note that the same mutation model has to be applied to all microsatellite loci, but these may have different values of mutation parameters.
However, Global R-statistics based on the stepwise mutation model showed that significant population differentiation occurred at five loci, but not at the two others.
We develop a detailed mathematical theory for these models that exhibits properties of microsatellite distributions, such as positive skewness of allele lengths, that are consistent with data but are inconsistent with the predictions of the stepwise mutation model.
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