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p53 mutations are frequent in tobacco-related cancers and the mutation load is often higher in cancers from smokers than from nonsmokers.
This is because the mutation load is largely insensitive to the per-mutation fitness effect [18].
Finally, our model suggests that if absolute mutation load is low across all age classes, females will not evolve a preference based on male age.
Because our populations are in mutation-selection balance and female preference is negatively correlated with mutation load, this result is in line with classical theory that suggests that mutation load is independent of effect size [64], [65].
Generally, MERRF patients have a high percentage of mutant mtDNA (>90%) in blood and muscle and the degree of heteroplasmy ( = mutation load) is evenly distributed between different organs [4] [6], which stands in contrast to the MELAS-syndrome (MIM 540000), where more variation is found [7].
The fraction not explained by mutation load is due to antigenic variation in the population.
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However, we found that the relationship between female preference and relative gamete mutation load was independent of the size of the effect of a mutation.
Yet, when mutation probability increased as a cubic function of male age, gamete mutation load was highest in the oldest age classes, despite the fact that these males were of the highest somatic quality.
Mutation load was calculated as described [ 40, 41].
The m.3243A>G mutation load was determined in urinary epithelial cells.
The assessment of m.3243A>G mutation load was performed by quantitative pyrosequencing.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com