Sentence examples for mutation load during from inspiring English sources

We found that both mutator and WT cells showed an increase in mtDNA mutation load during reprogramming, suggesting that, similarly to nuclear DNA, also mtDNA mutations arise during the reprogramming process.

A virus in an infected host therefore never changed antigenically or changed in mutation load during the course of infection.

On the other hand, the loss of mutations is much less likely in a post mitotic tissue such as the skeletal muscle, where the replication of mtDNA can lead to an increase in mutation load during life within individual cells and the tissue as a whole, even from very low levels of heteroplasmy (31).

mtDNA mutation load increased during reprogramming in both mutators and WTs, whereas, during iPSC culture, variable sites decreased in WT and also in mutator cells, despite continuous mutagenesis.

The extreme variation in mutation load suggests either an mtDNA genetic bottleneck during embryogenesis during the formation of satellite cells, or random drift of mutation load with time.

PCR errors introduced during PCR before cloning could artificially increase the mutation load.

An important caveat to this is that if the mutation load increases with mutation rate, with an associated increase in genetic drift during bottleneck transmission, a mutator strategy would carry a profound cost, both for individual populations and descendant lineages in separate hosts [ 48].

Absolute mutation load can range from zero (no load) to ten in our simulations.

This is because the mutation load is largely insensitive to the per-mutation fitness effect [18].

In addition, the effects of female preference on male gamete mutation load depended on mutation rate.

In our model, we made the assumption that mutation probability, and thus gamete mutation load, will increase with male age.