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When only a single mutator mutation is required to switch to a mutator phenotype (case M = 1), cancers always evolved with a mutator phenotype and carcinogenesis was universally faster.
To avoid such kind of problem, mutation is required.
These results indicate that, in m8, more than one mutation is required to switch from benign to highly toxic species.
We deliberately chose our model to represent the hardest possible case for phenotype sequencing, via the following conservative assumptions: 1. a maximum entropy split of the selection signal between all target genes; 2. only a single mutation is required to produce the phenotype; 3. a relatively high mutagenesis density and effective number of target genes.
Thus the K-Ras mutation is required for the activation of MEK/ERK pathway upon PI103-dependent inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway.
Clearly, more reliable removal of the effects of CpG mutation is required prior to any meaningful comparison of rates of nucleotide substitution among different regions of mammalian genomes.
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In addition to these results, we have relaxed the gene matching requirements, so only the PMID and mutation are required to match.
However, further insights into the effects of the C134W mutation are required to assess the plausibility of these hypotheses.
To confirm that a specific gene mutation is linked to cardiac arrhythmias, functional studies to illustrate consequences of the mutation are required.
Further studies aiming to model this mutation are required to precisely determine the effect of this mutation in chromatin remodelling in pediatric GBM.
Ultimately, a large number of mutations is required to significantly alter GC-composition.
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