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In GBM, NF1 loss or mutation is observed primarily in the more aggressive mesenchymal subtype, suggesting its role as a driver of mesenchymal transition [13,14,15,16,17].
The mutation is observed to cause a conformational conversion of the kinase's activation loop from DFG-out to DFG-in, thus activating the kinase.
If a mutation is observed, do we know when it occurred?
CTNNB1 mutation is observed mainly in endometrioid endometrial cancer [ 57– 57].
BRAFV600E gain-of-function mutation is observed in ∼50% of melanomas (Davies et al., 2002).
According to the TCGA data, this mutation is observed in lung adenocarcinoma with 2% frequency [ 51].
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No cases of NPM1-mutated AML with a concurrent IDH2R172 mutation were observed, suggesting that these variants are mutually exclusive.
Between all three time points, shifting cell subpopulations with SF3B1 mutation are observed.
At the same OT3 2 site, the significant increase of off-target mutation was observed in cultured NIH/3T3 cells.
Wild-type, single mutation, and double mutation were observed in 29, 20, and 13 parasites, respectively.
Only one type of mutation was observed in most of these samples, which explained why they were not detected by HMA (false negatives).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com