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Instead, scientists believe durability can be achieved either by a killing mechanism, or by creating antibiotics with so many different killing mechanisms that the probability of bacteria developing a mutation is much lower.
When the gene-edited KO mice are generated by RGNs microinjection into zygotes, the frequency of animals carrying off-target mutation is much lower than cells mediated by expressed RGNs and their cellular genome editing.
The probability of pathogen to overcome two or more effective genes by mutation is much lower compared to the 'attacking' of resistance controlled by a single gene.
Immune escape is generally attributed to reduced antibody recognition of the viral hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins whose rate of mutation is much greater than that of the internal non-structural proteins.
The FSIQ correlation of 0.98 for DMD siblings and 0.83 for unrelated DMD-affected individuals with the same mutation is much higher than that previously reported for unaffected male siblings reared together (median correlation of 12 studies 0.38).
It should be noted that in some cases observation of the same mutation in two different strains might be due to selection (e.g. if a specific mutation is much more likely to cause the phenotype than other mutations are, or if only a small number of different mutations in the genome are capable of causing the phenotype), rather than due to common inheritance.
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In terms of leaf length, the effect of the slr1 mutation was much more obvious in the wild-type background than in the pla1 mutant background.
Podlutsky's dissertation showed that the rate of mutation was much higher in cells from old mice than in young ones and that a diet of antioxidants reduced the mutation frequency in the elderly rodents to the same level as that seen in the juveniles.
In mammals, however, the phenotypic effects of Pygopus mutation are much milder than in Drosophila.
As shown in Table 1, the patients with JAK2V617F mutation were much older than those without mutation (P = 0.000).
Similar results were observed in T-47D cells, although the effect of the GA mutation was much less.
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