We assumed that the fitness effects of mutations are constant, implying that resistance-breaking mutants revert to their initial frequencies after removal of the R gene.
The expectation of less adaptation in smaller populations relies on the assumption that the mutation rate and the strength of selection for beneficial mutations are constant among species investigated.
A consequence of the Error Threshold is that, if the per-base mutation rate is constant, longer sequences suffer from mutations more than shorter ones, and there exists a maximum length a sequence can sustain above which the accumulation of deleterious mutations cannot be prevented: The Information Threshold (Eigen 1971).
Although we generally assume here that the basal MSV mutation rate is constant across the genome, it should be pointed out that there are instances where virus mutation rates have been found to vary greatly from site to site within a genome [ 63].
Assuming that synonymous substitutions are generally neutral or nearly so and that the per division mutation rate is constant across the subspecies, then, based on neutral theory, the cause of this difference must be the number of cell divisions per year.
Previous models for the evolution of female preference based on male age have showed that in most cases, females will evolve a preference for intermediate-aged and older males and a bias against younger males when mutation probability is constant with age [7], [8], [10].
This variable is not significantly different among the three groups of genes (P = 0.530), and thus we can consider that mutation rate is constant across groups [see Additional file 2].
Another assumption of Peto's paradox, based on the fact that the rate of malignant transformation may be constant and similar across cell types, is that the mutation accumulation rate is constant among the cells.
We investigated a series of 1305 gliomas and showed that IDH mutation is almost constant in 1p19q codeleted tumors.
Emergence of resistance to NA inhibitors among H5N1 virus subtypes, especially oseltamivir resistance among H5N1 subtypes caused by the H275Y mutation, is a constant threat (8 ).
