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This may be explained by the "surfing phenomenon", which describes how the frequency of a neutral or positively selected mutation may increase during a demographic expansion, if this mutation is carried by the pioneers [23], [24].
The mutation is carried on the multi-copy plasmid pAQ1 in strain TA102 and on the chromosome in strain TA104.
In GeRNAMo, the mutation is carried out by randomly choosing a node from the tree representation of the motif described above, deleting the subtree rooted at it and growing a new one.
The defective gene carrying the mutation is carried in one in every 31 Americans [one in 28 Caucasians], equating to more than 10 million people being a symptomless carrier of the defective gene [ 1].
The factor V Leiden mutation is carried in heterozygous form by about 5% of the Caucasian population; it is rarer in Hispanic-Americans, rarer still in African-Americans, and virtually absent in Africans and Asians.
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The mutation was carried by all 18 men with prostate cancer in these four families.
Selection for cosmids or PCR products that complement the un-7 mutation was carried out by placing the transformation plates at 37°C.
Complementation of the purMCD mutation was carried out in both strains by introduction of the Francisella-Escherichia coli shuttle vector pFNLTP6 [17] harboring the wild-type purMCDN operon.
Molecular markers were examined for recrudescence, re-infection and markers of drug resistance and a review of literature of studies looking for the 581G dhps mutation was carried out.
Each mutation was carried by all affected individuals within the respective family, and none was found in 144 unaffected control DNA samples (288 chromosomes) from the Nova Scotia population, nor 59 Caucasian HapMap DNA samples (118 chromosomes), nor 89 Asian HapMap DNA samples (178 chromosomes), nor are any of these mutations found in the dbSNP database.
Mutation was carried out using an in vitro site-directed mutagenesis kit (CloneTech).
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