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The color-coded list identifies documented mutations in key viral genes, along with literature citations and a description of how the mutation is believed to change biological function.
Of all these types of mutations, the deletion mutation is believed to be the main cause of this phenotype.
The reason for the controversy in the literature seems to be smoking, since the mutation is believed to be important among light- and non-smokers but not among heavy-smokers [ 19, 20, 23, 35].
An S218N mutation is believed to have mediated the recent emergence of VEE in southern Mexico by adapting subtype IE enzootic strains to more efficiently infect the epidemic vector, Aedes (Ochlerotatus) taeniorhynchus (Brault et al, 2004).
74, 79, 80 Given the role of MYD88 as an amplificator and transducer molecule downstream of TLR and IL-1R, the L265P mutation is believed to result in gain of function and chronic activation of the canonical NF-κB pathway.
Although the KRAS mutation is believed to be an early event in the carcinogenesis of CRC [ 23] and it has been demonstrated that the KRAS mutational status is highly concordant between primary tumors and related metastases [ 14, 15, 24- 28], some recent studies have produced contradictory results in regards to the KRAS mutational status [ 11, 29- 31].
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Because the TR34/L98H mutation was believed to be environmentally induced, all A. fumigatus clinical isolates were accepted, not just those causing infection.
Loss of the pVHL tumor suppressor, as occurs with Type 1 VHL mutations, is believed to promote renal tumorigenesis primarily through loss of pVHL-mediated HIF regulation [22].
Acquired mutations are believed to occur randomly over time, appearing spontaneously or after exposure to damaging agents such as ultraviolet light.
Amino acid mutations that alter a protein's function can affect the stability of the protein, but these mutations are believed to be 'buffered' by chaperones, or heat-shock proteins-potentially facilitating the acquisition of genetic diversity and the rate of adaptation.
A complication in these types of association studies is that the vast majority of non-synonymous mutations are believed to be neutral to phenotypes.
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