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By contrast, ETC2 from the same T2-ETC2 gRNA had a mutation efficiency of 72%.
Regarding the choice and the number of gRNAs, the mutation efficiency of the CMCM system depends on the gene locus.
To validate the toolkit and to compare the mutation efficiency of different Cas9 or Pol III promoters used to drive the gRNAs, we generated two sets of test vectors targeting the same maize genomic DNA site (ZmHKT1).
We analyzed 20 transgenicnic lines by restriction enzyme digestion of a PCR fragment spanning the two target sites, finding that more than 60% of the transgenic lines had a mutation efficiency of approximately 100% for both target sites.
To evaluate tissue bias with respect to the mutation efficiency of gRNA transcripts, we used both promoters to drive gene-specific gRNA transcription in specific tissues (Xue et al. 2014).
We cloned and sequenced the PCR fragments from two lines with a mutation efficiency of approximately 100%, finding that sequences between the two target sites were deleted, as shown in Figure 4D.
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Using this kit, we found that CRISPR/Cas9 could be used to knock out multiple plant genes simultaneously, and the efficiencies of multiple-gene mutations, in accordance with the "Bucket effect" theory in economics, depended on the lowest mutation efficiencies of the targeted genes.
Intriguingly, mouse embryos and pups with 100% point mutation efficiency (free of mosacism), as well as human tripronuclear zygotes has been generated (Kim et al., 2017c; Li et al., 2017a; Liang et al., 2017).
Another previous study also attempted to enhance mutation efficiency by adding limited amounts of circular plasmid in PCR reaction [ 21].
C ions at LETmax showed higher mutation efficiency than those with LET of 22.5 keV μm-1, with an efficiency that appears similar to that with EMS.
For each mutation, the efficiency of the process is, however, remarkably low.
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