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The authors demonstrate that gltA1 can increase fitness on acetate, but that the mutation becomes deleterious once cells have acquired the ability to utilize citrate.
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Possibilities include genetic drift driving a benign mutation to fixation in ancient populations, only to have this benign mutation become deleterious relative to a different allele in a modern environment.
However, after Cit+ was refined by further mutations, this potentiating gltA mutation became deleterious to fitness.
Once cells became strong citrate utilizers, the initial gltA mutation became deleterious driving the evolution of a diversity of secondary mutations to compensate for its cost.
A large production of stallers at higher mutation rates becomes deleterious for units of replication and may lead the system to extinction (λ S > λ S (F 2 ), fig. 10, right pane).
With free recombination, a mildly deleterious mutation becomes disassociated from the mutator in just two generations on average.
Two central evolutionary theories hypothesize that the detrimental effects of aging are due to an accumulation of mutations, or antagonistic pleiotropy, whereby genes with beneficial effects early in life become deleterious with age [3].
Interestingly, surgery did not become deleterious, whereas medical management improved.
Selection could decrease the rate at which slightly deleterious mutations become fixed in the population, especially as the p-endosymbiont/insect association ages.
The specific advantages of gene redundancy may be 1) a reduced chance that deleterious recessive mutations become homozygous, and 2) the potential for gene diversification and the acquisition of new functions.
Only when the deleterious mutation effects became small enough to compensate for the beneficial mutation effects could the optimum mutation rate evolve to a higher level (data not shown).
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