All 20 mammalian species were found to have strong regional mutation rates, as evidenced by the wide mammalian rate distributions (1.80 ≤ σ ≤ 2.23).
We tested the ability of self-fertilizing populations to purge deleterious mutations at multiple loci by exposing obligately self-fertilizing populations of Caenorhabditis elegans to a range of elevated mutation rates and found that mutations accumulated, as evidenced by a reduction in mean fitness, in each population.
The model described here is associated with tumors that are morphologically similar to the human tumors associated with the BRCA1/ 2 mutation carrier state, as evidenced by the high-grade papillary serous appearance of Müllerian tumors and the basal appearance and triple negative nature of at least some of the mammary tumors that we observed.
These mutations are classically unilateral, as evidenced by the topographically limited and tissue or organ-restricted clinical manifestations.
Many of these resistance mechanisms result either from a small number of specific genomic mutations or, alternatively, from HGT. Point mutations can alter the interactions between a drug and its target, as evidenced by mutations in RNA polymerase that mediate resistance to rifampin.
Other mutations in rpoB can be costly, as evidenced by the fact that putative compensatory mutations in rpoA and rpoC are routinely isolated alongside some resistance-causing rpoB mutations (Comas et al. 2011).
The initiation of cotyledons vs. SAM is largely independent, as evidenced by mutations that delete the SAM but not the cotyledons [ 2, 3] and vice versa [ 4, 5].
Since the two mutations significantly increased PrP aggregation, as evidenced above by protein chemistry studies, we asked whether there are any changes in organelles and cellular structures induced by mutant PrP that readily formed aggregates.
In this study, we report for the first time a correlation between the urinary mutation load and cardiac involvement specifically, as evidenced by increased LVMI.
There may be subgroups within the RA or OA set as evidenced by the mutation frequencies between RA and OA patients (Fig. 2).
Certainly, the I28A mutation does perturb the WW domain, as evidenced by reduced Cdc25C binding affinity and altered Loop II mobility.
