Mutations and mating systems can interact in multiple ways.
We identify a suite of effector-like genes that are predicted to be specific to M. anisopliae, significant differences in the repetitive DNA complements, repeat-induced point mutations and mating type gene composition between the three species and discuss the implications of these findings.
Identifying the underlying cause or causes of rate heterogeneity is difficult because variables such as the combined effects of organism size and temperature on metabolic rate [ 52, 53], the influx of environmental energy that may lead to mutation [ 54], and mating system [ 55] are potentially confounded with differences in generation time.
The males and females that paired up in our model then mated and produced offspring, who inherited (with a small chance of mutation) the investing qualities and mating preferences of their parents.
Briefly, a population was simulated over 1000 generations with mutations and random selection and mating with an effective population size of 100.
Whereas pedigree-based models do not account for Mendelian segregation and the expected covariance matrix is constructed using assumptions that do not hold (e.g. absence of selection and mutation and random mating), the marker-based models allow tracing Mendelian segregation at several positions of the genome and observing realized (as opposed to expected) covariances.
The prospero gene, which is involved in nervous system development, can alter the age of onset of sexual behavior in males: Males carrying a single copy of a prospero mutation court and mate precociously [ 55].
In our previous study, SSN8 was identified as a gene whose mutation restored mating filamentation of the CWC1 light-dependent overexpression phenotype [34].
Genetic diversity, adaptation and evolution of a species (Ma et al. 2008) can reflect the species' evolutionary history (e.g. shifts in distribution, habitat fragmentation and population isolation) and the interactions of various processes (such as mutation, genetic drift, mating system, gene flow and natural selection) (Slatkin 1987; Reed and Frankham 2003).
