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Previously, a network-based approach was used to explain 2 mechanisms of tRNA evolution: point mutation and complementary mutation [27].
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When there is no bias in mutation and selection between complementary strands, base substitution may explain the parity phenomenon [ 11, 12].
In contrast, around nucleosome dyads in the entire genome, we considered both of the plus and minus strands and averaged the mononucleotide and mutation rates in both strands so that the incidences of complementary bases (such as A and T) and complementary mutations (such as A->C and T->G) mirror horizontally around dyads.
Mutation analysis of genomic DNA and complementary DNA was as described previously (Mills et al., 2005).
Theoretically, under no strand bias in terms of mutation and selection, the base complementary relationship easily explains the presence of ISP in chromosomes.
Disrupted homeostasis of DNA methylation is a hallmark of cancer, and acts as an alternative and complementary mechanism to gene mutation or deletion, leading to inactivation of specific tumor suppressor genes.
For each point mutation, two complementary primers having mutated positions were used (Table 1).
However in DNA there is strand symmetry which leads to equal rates of mutation in complementary DNA strands.
To check localization under the mimic condition of losing control of miR168, SlAGO1AMUT which harbored four points mutation at complementary site of miR168 was employed.
For introducing mutations, CEACAM1 was amplified by polymerase chain reaction from the pIG-NA1B construct using either the common forward primer and a reverse primer containing the desired mutation, or a complementary forward primer containing the mutation and a common reverse primer.
A sex chromosome may start to develop in dioecious species through the suppression of recombination between male- and female-sterile mutations with complementary dominance in close proximity on a chromosome [ 22].
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