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The case M = 1 represents the scenario when mutator genes have a dominant effect; that is, mutating a single copy of the mutator gene causes a switch to a mutator phenotype.
Because the global best individual attracts all members of the swarm, it is possible to lead the swarm away from a current location by mutating a single individual if the mutated individual becomes the new global best.
To render an image, we generate a sequence of light transport paths by randomly mutating a single current path (e.g. adding a new vertex to the path).
By mutating a single gene, researchers at MIT and Duke have produced mice with two of the most common traits of autism — compulsive, repetitive behavior and avoidance of social interaction.
Then in the early 1990s, Cynthia Kenyon, a young molecular biologist at the University of California, San Francisco, found that mutating a single gene, called daf-2, in worms doubled their life spans.
We also show that mutating a single amino acid, the 'steric gate' residue of DinB (Phe13 --> Val) and that of its archaeal homologue Dbh (Phe12 --> Ala), separates the abilities of these enzymes to perform TLS over N2-dG adducts from their abilities to replicate an undamaged template.
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All that led Warren to Ted.com, an educational website, where he viewed a talk by Cynthia Kenyon, a professor at the University of California, San Francisco who said that if you mutate a single C. elegans gene, the so-called DAF gene, you extend its life span by 200percentt.
In many model systems the paradigm has been to perturb or mutate a single gene and observe what happens; pull-down or yeast two-hybrid experiments have the same aim, connecting target proteins to those which they bind to, while many in vitro studies have shown that perturbation of a single gene is usually associated with concerted changes in many genes.
We found that mutating either a single tryptophan or tyrosine residue to alanine results in greatly improved catalytic parameters, particularly in kcat.
"If one copy of the gene in a tumor is mutated at a single point and the second copy is mutated in a different way, there's a higher probability that the gene is a driver," Dr. Iavarone said.
Second, because NGS studies of several malignancies have shown that hundreds of genes can be mutated in a single tumor, background mutations should be discarded and driver genes validated.
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