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The Janus kinases (JAK signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) pathway is one such pathway that is frequently mutated in leukemia and lymphoma.
GPR123 is a member of the adhesion family of G-protein coupled receptors mutated in leukemia [ 128].
The gene that produces Nup98 is frequently mutated in leukemia, where part of it becomes fused to regions of other unrelated genes.
Specifically, TET2 has been shown to act as a critical tumor suppressor and is frequently mutated in leukemia and myeloid cancers [ 95, 96].
Recently, it was reported that the gene encoding TET2 but not TET1 and TET3 was frequently mutated, and it was identified as the relevant tumor suppressor gene, which is mutated in leukemia [ 17].
RUNX1 is known to play critical roles in hematopoiesis (Mangan and Speck, 2011), and is commonly mutated in leukemia as a tumor suppressor (Blyth et al., 2005; Mangan and Speck, 2011; Zhang et al., 2012), including in MLL-ENL driven leukemias (Nishimoto et al., 2011).
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Since drugs blocking Src also inhibit other aberrant pathways (especially abl, which is found mutated in certain leukemia) they can simultaneously block more of the cell signaling systems that lead to cancer growth.
Recent data show that BCR components are frequently mutated in human leukemia (Davis et al., 2010) and that an autonomously signaling BCR can act as a tumor promoter for B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (Duhren-von Minden et al., 2012).
This domain has been demonstrated to exert an important negative regulatory function on the kinase domain [ 15] with many of the amino acid changes we identified falling into positions of JAK1/3 reported as being mutated in human leukemias, and shown to confer gain-of-function or transforming activity (Fig. 2e) [ 16– 16].
The de novo methyltransferase DNMT3a was found mutated in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome [139 141].
Among the five members of the family, IKZF1 have been found deleted and mutated in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), CML blastic phase and BCR/ ABL1-positive ALL, suggesting a pathogenic contribution to leukemic transformation.
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