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In the present case the symmetry of selection on mutants with effect δ and -δ implies that Rm is an even function of δ around the candidate ESS and that all its odd-order derivatives are null, so at least the fourth-order derivatives should be considered.
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It has proven difficult to dissect out the pleiotropic effects of CFTR mutants with effects ranging from aberrant turnover, rapid degradation, ER retention and unfolded protein response [34].
The second consisted of 657 mutants having an effect on protein stability and 652 mutants with no effect on stability covered by 47 proteins [ 19, 20].
The high mutational heritability could be due to a few mutants of large effect, or many mutants with smaller effects.
Mutation of both sites together produces higher expression than the single mutants, with the effect being approximately additive.
Although inflammation was observed for both genotypes, goblet cell metaplasia was solely seen in mutants with no effect on FOXA2 expression (supplementary material Fig. S1A E).
Findings here show that combining CM mutants with opposing effects on myofilament function (activator + deactivator) produces a hybrid outcome and evidence of functional neutralization at the intact myocyte level.
This happens in Drosophila mutants with dominant effects on fitness (e.g. [21]), and this would also explain the greater lethality of lamD395 homozygotes compared to lamD395/Df 2L cl-h1 heterozygotes.
Mutants with inhibitory effects on filament formation will be highlighted in red, whereas constitutively filament-forming mutants will be highlighted in green.
The strategy z* = 0 may be locally stable without being globally stable: < 0 does not exclude that mutants with large effects could invade (for examples, see [ 32, 33]).
The rate is determined primarily by the distribution among mutants of small effect; mutants with large deleterious effects are extremely unlikely to fix, and there can be few reversals of such fixations if they rarely happen in the first place.
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