To avoid any possible contamination of somatic cells by the germline, we used glp-4(bn2) temperature sensitive mutants, which have no germline when cultured at 25°C.
These results indicate the possibility of designing BTC mutants, which have an activity of inducing differentiation only, without facilitating growth promotion.
The most common types of genetic stocks for functional genomics studies include genome-wide insertion and deletion mutants which have been developed in rice by several groups (Guiderdoni et al. 2003; Leung et al. 2003; Upadhyaya et al. 2003).
The correct timing of tapetal PCD is important, and premature or delayed PCD is often associated with MS. Unlike most other rice MS mutants, which have delayed tapetal PCD (Li et al. [2006]; Ji et al. [2013]), certain EGMS and WA-CMS rice have premature tapetal PCD (Ding et al. [2012a]; Luo et al. [2013]; Figure 2).
The myofibrils of 05342 mutants, which have strong mRNA increases, also lack a clear focus on filament structure.
We tested for rRNA cleavage in D. discoideum cluA mutants, which have a phenotype of abnormal distribution of tightly clustered mitochondria [57].
The A/NP+M2-rAd combination also has potential advantages in preventing emergence of viral escape mutants, which have been reported for NP [28], [29] and M2 [30].
The reversal of nodal flow can reverse laterality [13] and an artificial fluid flow across the node can rescue the laterality defects in iv mutants, which have immotile cilia, as well as inversion of embryonic turning (inv) mutants, which have weakly motile cilia [13] [15].
The Vif DR14/15AA and VifW79A mutants, which have already been reported to be ineffective against A3F [81], [81], were unable to efficiently suppress the anti-viral activity of A3C (Fig. 1B, columns 3 and 6).
This may explain why herbivory by Pieris rapae, a close relative of P. brassicae, is significantly reduced in tgg1 tgg2 double mutants which have very low levels of Arabidopsis wild type myrosinase activity [22].
Mutants which have defects in polar or lateral flagella synthesis (WP3Δ1508 defect in polar flagellum; WP3Δ5118, WP3Δ5125 defect in lateral flagellum) showed decreased motility on 0.3% agar plates at 20°C (Fig. 8A).
