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AQP5 WT and two mutants were inserted into the EcoR I and BamH I sites of p3XFLAG-CMV-14 (SIGMA) and verified by DNA sequencing of both strands of the mutants.
Both deletion mutants were inserted into the VPS13 locus and Cdc45 binding to the origins was monitored throughout S phase.
In order to establish the Tet-on system, NLRP3-EGFP and its mutants were inserted into pRetroX-Tight-Pur or pRetroX-Tight-Hyg retrovirus vectors (Clontech, Mountain View, CA, USA).
To generate replication competent HBV WT and mutants, the EcoR I- Sac II fragment from pBluescript-HBV WT and the various YMDD mutants were inserted into pPB, a partially redundant WT HBV subtype adw R9 plasmid [ 43].
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To distinguish invasive mutants resulting in protected polymorphism from neutral or very weakly selected mutants, we first removed genotypes at ≤1% frequency (since mutants are inserted at 0.5% allele frequency, 1% is the upper bound genotype frequency for neutral mutants).
The R246Q mutant was inserted by site-directed mutagenesis into the SDR5A2 cDNA using the Quikchange II site-directed mutagenesis kit (Agilent Technologies) as per the manufacture's guidance.
A synthetic gene encoding Plasmodium falciparum (3D7) full-length mature PfRh5 (residues 24 526), PfRh5-C (residues 127 526), or its mutant was inserted into insect/mammalian cell expression vector pgpHFT (Xu et al., 2010) using Kpn I and Xho I sites to produce pgpHFT-PfRh5.
These studies demonstrated that: (1) All mutant carriers were inserted into the plasma membrane.
Both wild-type and mutant promoter were inserted upstream of the Firefly luciferase reporter in the pGL3-basic vector.
To perform this strategy the pdb file of the mutant proteins were inserted as input data and the result was further analyzed for forthcoming steps [ 70].
cDNAs encoding the wild-type and mutant ZIC3 were inserted into the pcDNA3.1 vector (Invitrogen), which contains an HA-epitope tag (15), or the pCS2+Myc tag (MT) vector (50).
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