The absorbance values of bacterial mutants were always lower than that of the original culture and the blank (without bacteria) during the measuring time, which could indicate the total protein activity of bacterial flora mutants was improved.
In the diploid state, delayed mutant growth was observed at day 7 of chronological aging culture, whilst at day 14, the growth kinetics of some mutants, namely the BUB2/bub2 and MAD1/mad1 mutants, was improved compared to the growth rate of the BY4743 wild type strain (p < 0.001) (Fig. S1).
Furthermore, cdc13-1-induced DNA damage is better tolerated than DNA damage induced elsewhere because growth of cdc13-1 mutants is improved by inactivation of checkpoint pathways, whereas growth of cells with less localised chromosomal damage, for example caused by defects in DNA-ligase (cdc9), is exacerbated by inactivation of the same checkpoint pathways (Weinert and Hartwell, 1993).
The growth of the ipl1 -321 mutant is improved upon deletion of RAS2 or overexpression of BCY1 but not when plated on nonfermentable carbon sources.
When we changed the culture conditions to 2% xylan as the sole carbon source, thereby allowing xylanase to be specifically induced and secreted [ 27], the extracellular protein concentration of the Δ Ncap3m mutant was improved by approximately 50% and xylanase activity increased by about 100% (Fig. 3c).
1/10 mutant samples could be detected, while 1-bp mutation was improved to be 1/1000.
With the mean plus 1.4-fold of the standard deviation of specific activity of a starting material as the threshold, uricase mutants whose activities were improved by more than 80% were recognized with higher sensitivity and specificity.
Hence, the catalytic efficiencies of these mutants with NADH were improved ~3-fold when compared to the wild-type enzyme.
The abrogated processing of Pr55gag/Pr160Gag-Pol and incorporation of Vpr proteins were likely correlated with the 7-amino acid deletion in p6, since the phenotypes were improved in the mutant CRF07_BC molecular clone with complementation of the 7-amino acid, pCRF07_BC+p6, and the reverse phenotypes were observed when the corresponding 7-amino acid was removed in HXB2-p6.
For instance, Müller et al. [ 23, 24] have shown that surface expression of several retained claudin-16 mutants could be improved by inhibiting endocytosis or using pharmacological chaperones.
