As in wheat, the involvement of ASA in controlling the initial development of flower primordia was also shown in Arabidopsis, where flowering was delayed in ASA-deficient mutants under long-day conditions [ 48].
However, we did not observe an obvious juvenile-to-adult phase phenotype in the gin2-1 munder under long day conditions (data not shown).
To investigate whether a reduction in vegetative growth rate or prolonged plastochron (i.e. the time between one leaf initiation and the next) causes the late-flowering phenotype in the z3 mutant, we compared leaf emergence rates between the wild type and the z3 mutant under long-day conditions (14.5 h-light, 30 °C/9.5 h-dark, 24 °C) in the growth chambers.
The statistical difference between the cpd ga1 double mutant and the ga1 single mutant under long-day conditions is genetic support that BR- and GA-pathways genetically interact and/or that GA levels are modified by the genetics of BRs, as has been shown previously [26], [35].
However, while both mutants displayed a clear and similar late flowering phenotype under short day photoperiods, the late flowering phenotype of prmt5 was much stronger than that of prmt4a 4b mutant plants under long day photoperiods.
c Comparison of leaf emergence rates between the wild type and the z3 mutants grown under long-day conditions (14.5 h-light/9.5 h-dark) in the growth chamber.
All single mutants in respective phytohormone pathways, under long days, flowered as expected when compared to the literature [27], [28], [29], [30].
The mutant rice 58S has infertile pollen under long days, while the pollen are variably fertile under short days.
In order to analyze various developmental phenotypes of mutants and wild type, plants were grown under long day conditions.
However, although the double mutants ein3/einl1 have similar phenotypes to ein2 mutants, they produce low levels of ethylene when grown under long day periods but high levels when grown under dark conditions and even lower levels of ethylene than in etr1 and ein2 mutants [ 67].
