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Of 17 double mutants that survived to weaning, 4 (24%) died within 10 days of weaning.
By utilizing an Msx2-Cre expressed in the skin area covering the forebrain (Choe et al., 2012), we generated conditional mutants that survived to adulthood showing diminished epidermal Shh expression.
The phenotypes of two of the mutants were analyzed in detail: one of the mutants that died showed defects in multiple organs (including the lung, heart and gastrointestinal tract), and one of the mutants that survived with growth defects also showed defects in the cerebral cortex.
For instance, how fit are the mutants that survived in the new, tough environment?
The 13 mutants that survived these treatments were then isolated (Table 2).
Mutants that survived selection in the growth medium supplemented with 67% (v/v) pretreatment liquor were harvested by centrifugation after a six day cultivation period suspended in 50 mL PBS to a concentration of 72 × 10 cells/mL and inoculated into a bioreactor for continuous culture.
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The loss of the V-ATPase a3 subunit results in early mortality (∼3 weeks after birth) compared to the clcn7 mutants that survive for 2 3 months; therefore, the a3 mutant mice may not survive long enough to develop retinal degeneration.
In addition, the egg chambers of the dsetdb1G19561 mutant ovary that survived stage six were shown to have disorganized chromosomes in the nurse cell nuclei (Fig. S4).
Those mutant animals that survived till weaning developed into apparently normal adults suggesting that the Hex locus carrying the DTA allele may be silenced during development in a proportion of embryos.
The very few double mutant larvae that survived past 48 h (5 larvae survived of 800 hatched larvae) were significantly smaller in size in comparison to their heterozygous siblings.
Dr. Bartke's finding dovetailed with studies of microscopic mutant roundworms that survive two or three times as long as normal.
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