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In contrast, the ability to adopt the shifted conformation of stem-loop I is a major determinant of binding: mutants that cannot adopt this conformation bind much more weakly than wild-type and mutants with a constitutively shifted stem-loop I bind much more strongly.
Overexpression of Dkk1 in osteoblasts causes osteopenia [42] and Lrp5 mutants that cannot bind Dkk1 show increased bone mass both in mice and in humans [37], [43].
During infection with ICP27 mutants that cannot interact with RNAP II, viral transcription-replication compartments were poorly formed and Hsc70 focus formation was substantially delayed.
Future work with APC mutants that cannot bind Cdc42 will have to be done to further explore the physiological function of the Cdc42-APC interaction.
The fact that kinase mutants that cannot be activated are retained in mitochondria in detriment of their nuclear translocation supports this notion [20], [22].
This phenotype defect is characteristic for mutants that cannot respond to a chemical gradient generated upon nutrient consumption and was not due to a defect in the growth rate (data not shown).
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A degradation of the swe1K594R mutant that cannot be modified by Smt3 is considerably delayed in comparison to wild type Swe1.
Interestingly, a cortactin mutant that cannot undergo Src phosphorylation extends FA disassembly time and appears to give rise to FA profiles with multiple intensity peaks [34], similar to what we observed in p130Cas signaling deficient cells.
Further, a dominant negative Hsc70 mutant that cannot hydrolyze ATP, interfered with RNAP II degradation during HSV-1 infection, and an increase in ubiquitinated forms of RNAP II was observed.
Analysis of p53 transcriptional activity following cobalt treatment was performed in 293 cells co-transfected with the p53AIP1-luc reporter and either HIPK2-Flag or the HIPK2-K1182R-Flag point mutant that cannot be degraded by MDM2 [23].
However, in the present study, FSS-induced phosphorylation of BR-Smads was almost completely blocked by an inhibition of PKCδ, or transfection of Y311F mutant that cannot be phosphorylated by PKCδ at amino acid 311, or silencing PKCδ expression by PKCδ siRNA.
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