Mutants R64Q and R65W did not activate these targets, but the R43W and G67S mutants reduced both the IFN β and NF- κB promoter activities compared with the wild-type IPS-1 WT-IPS-1 WT-IPS-1 WT-IPS-1Figure Supplementary
Vismodegib had no obvious effect on the Ascl1 expression pattern in wild-types but caused a marked loss of expression at the pTh-R of Pax6 −/− mutants, reducing both the area containing Ascl1+ cells and their density (from 20.5 ± 1.9 SEM, n = 3, to 9.78 ± 1.8, n = 3, cells per 0.005 mm; p < 0.05, Student's t test).
The Poxn mutant reduced both CheB42a and llz transcripts (Fig. 3A).
Importantly, while the peptides reduced both mutant TDP-43 and endogenous TDP-43 aggregation induced by stress in a concentration-dependent manner, they did not prevent or reduce the cytotoxicity caused by overexpression of the mutant TDP-43.
Consistent with the Drosophila data, the rapamycin analogue CCI-779 reduces both mutant huntingtin and ataxin-3 levels, thereby attenuating toxicity in mouse models of HD and spinocerebellar ataxia type 3, respectively (Menzies et al., 2010; Ravikumar et al., 2004).
The simulation results further reveal that A421V, L392I and P495L mutants reduce drug binding affinity.
Through forming heterodimers with wild-type SPOP, SPOP mutants reduce wild-type-SPOP binding to substrates, resulting in dominant-negative effects on substrate binding, ubiquitination, and degradation10.
Following oxygen exposure, surviving [FeFe] hydrogenase mutants reduce the fluorogenic compound C12-resazurin, allowing detection by FACS.
Temperature sensitive eIF5A mutants reduce the rate of 35S-methionine incorporation, a consequence of prolonged ribosome transit time.
Loss-of-function mutants reduce xylem vessel formation and lignification [ 39].
