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Furthermore, these mutants induced less proinflammatory cytokine transcripts in the chicken embryo model, consistent with the observations of Moyes et al., that hyphae formation and invasion are necessary to trigger cytokine production in cell culture models [37].
The Δ cagA mutants induced less CCL20 than their wild-type parental strains but this was only significant for MKN28 cells (60190ΔcagA:1.4-fold lower, p=0.039; 84183ΔcagA: 1.5-fold, p=0.022).
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Attenuated C. albicans mutants generally induced less proinflammatory cytokine transcripts 24 p.i. (Fig. 8), but specific differences were observed between mutants: Only efg1Δcph1Δ and sap1 3Δ showed reduced transcription levels of all three proinflammatory cytokines (Fig. 8A).
Upon screening 200 mutants, we identified three mutants that repeatedly induced less granuloma formation.
In fact, the only other mutant to induce less ISG15 production was the ΔactA mutant.
Recently, Li et al. prepared mutants of the dimeric cockroach allergen Bla g 2. One constructed mutant appeared to be monomeric, based on size exclusion chromatography analysis, and it induced less β-hexosaminidase release from mast cells than the authentic Bla g 2 [9].
This hypothesis is further supported by our finding that C. glabrata, which does not cause significant mortality in infected chicken embryos, and attenuated C. albicans mutants induce significantly less proinflammatory cytokines than C. albicans wild type strains, consistent with reports from systemic murine candidiasis [11], [29].
As shown in figure 7A, infection with the sigS mutant induced much less erosion of bone and cartilage as compared to infection with the parental strain (p<0.05).
We have also demonstrated that SigA plays a role in the intestinal fluid accumulation associated with S. flexneri infections; a sigA mutant induced 30% less fluid accumulation in ligated rabbit ileal loops than its wild type parent [10].
Results showed that the mutants induced by EMS had higher survival and growth rates compared to UV mutants.
Finally, neither of the nonfilamentous mutants induced cytokine production.
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